The process for electing a new leader for over a billion Catholics worldwide is steeped in ancient tradition and secrecy. This intricate ritual is known as conclave.
Here's how it works:
After a Pope dies or resigns, a period known as "Sede Vacante" (Latin for "empty throne") begins. During this time, the faithful gather in St. Peter's Square to bid farewell to the previous Pope. Meanwhile, top-ranking clergymen, collectively known as the College of Cardinals, converge on Vatican City from around the world to choose the new Pope.
The conclave typically starts two to three weeks after the Sede Vacante period begins. Dating back to the 1200s, the conclave has been held in the Sistine Chapel since 1878. The Cardinals vote under Michelangelo's famous ceiling paintings in the chapel, located near St. Peter's Basilica.
To prepare for the conclave, the chapel is thoroughly swept for any illicit recording or listening devices. Once inside, the Cardinals swear an oath of secrecy, and the doors are locked, cutting them off from the outside world. They can only leave the chapel at night to sleep at their Vatican accommodations.
Historically, the Church's new leader is chosen from among the Cardinals, but they can vote for any baptized Catholic man. The rules dictate that only Cardinals under 80 can participate in the vote. The voting process involves multiple rounds, with ballots burned in a stove connected to a chimney on the roof. The smoke signals – black for no decision and white for a new Pope – are the world's way of tracking the outcome.
When a new Pope is elected, the announcement is made with the famous words: "Habemus Papam" (We have a Pope).
